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Student-Mothers’ Experiences in Tanzania’s Higher Education Institutions: Motivational Factors and Challenges
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 10 No. 2 (2021): Special Issue on Gender I
Abstract
This paper reports the findings on motivational factors and challenges that student-mothers face
in Tanzania’s HEIs (HEIs). Specifically, the study set out to establish factors for female students’
plans to become mothers while in universities. It also explored the challenges these studentmothers faced. Sixteen (16) student-mothers took part in semi-structured interviews. Thematic
analysis facilitated data analysis. The study found that most of the student-mothers did not
envisage having children while studying. The factors that influenced them to become mothers
while studying included: ongoing university policies that allow female students to have children,
assured support, health and age factors, religious beliefs, and ability to manage parenting roles.
On the other hand, the student-mothers revealed the different challenges they faced, including:
balancing time for studies and parenting, financial constraints, finding and dealing with babysitters, accommodation problems, and psychological problems. In conclusion, the study calls for
HEIs to empower female students with appropriate skills to make informed decisions in their
relationships for the betterment of their studies and wellbeing.
Keywords
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- Bradley, H., C. Stephanie & J. Ventura. 2012. Birth Rates in the US Teenagers Reach Lows for All Ages
- and Ethnic Groups. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Braun, V. & Clarke, V. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. London:
- Sage Publication.
- Breheny, M. & C. Stephens. 2007. Irreconcilable Differences: Health Professionals’ Constructions of
- Adolescence and Motherhood. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1): 112–124.
- Brown, L. & P. Watson. 2010. Understanding the Experiences of Female Doctoral Students. Journal
- of Further and Higher Education, 34(3): 385–404.
- Bryman, A. 2016. Social Research Methods (5th Ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
- Coetzee, M.H. & R.N. Ngunyulu. 2015. Assessing the Use of Contraceptives by Female
- Undergraduate Students in a Selected Higher Educational Institution in Gauteng. Curationis,
- (2): 1–7.
- Cohen, L., L. Manion & K. Marrison. 2011. Research Methods in Education. New York, NY Routledge.
- Crouch, M. & H. Mckenzie. 2006. The Logic of Small Samples in Interview Based Qualitative
- Research. Social Science Information, 45(4): 483–499.
- Denscombe, M. 2014. Good Research Guide: for Small-Scale Social Research Projects. 5th Ed.
- Maindenhead: Open University Press.
- Egenti, M. N. & F. E. O. Omoruyi. 2011. Challenges of Women Participation in Continuing Higher
- Education Programme: Implications for Adult Women Counselling and Education. Edo Journal of
- Counselling, 4: 131–143.
- Esia-Donkoh, K. 2014. Child-Rearing Practices Among Student- Mothers. Society, Biology & Human
- Affairs, 78(2): 20–38.
- Finer, L B. & M.R. Zolna. 2014. Shifts in Intended and Unintended Pregnancies in the United States,
- (2001–2008). American Journal of Public Health, 104(1): S43–S48.
- Funiba, M. 2011. An Exploratory Study of Experiences of Parenting Among Female Students at the
- University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Master’s thesis, University of the Western Cape,
- South Africa.
- Hennink, M., I. Hutter & A. Bailey. 2011. Qualitative Research Methods. London: Sage Publication.
- Karimi, E, W. 2015. Challenges Experienced By Young-Mother Learners Upon Re-Entry to Formal Primary
- School. A Case in One of the Divisions of Coastal Region, Kenya. (Master’s Thesis), University of Oslo,
- Sweden.
- Lyonette, C., G. Atfield. H. Behle & L. Gambin. 2015. Tracking Student Mothers’ Higher Education
- Participation and Early Career Outcomes Over Time: Initial Choices and Aspirations, Higher Education
- Experiences and Career Destinations. Institute for Employment Research University of Warwick,
- England.
- Maluli. F. & T. Bali. 2014. Exploring Experiences of Pregnant and Mothering Secondary School
- Students in Tanzania. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences Journal, 4(1): 80-89.
- Mamhute, R. 2011. The Educational Challenges of Pregnant and Nursing Adult Learners: A Case
- Study of Morgenster Teachers’ College. Masters’ thesis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch,
- South Africa.
- Mason, M. 2010. Sample Size and Saturation in PhD Studies Using Qualitative Interviews (63
- Paragraph). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. doi: https://doi.
- org/10.17169/fqs-11.3.1428 .
- Marandet, E. & W. Wainwright. 2010. Invisible Experiences: Understanding the Choices and Needs of
- University Students With Dependent Children. British Educational Research Journal, 36(5): 787–805.
- Mkumbo, K. 2014. Students’ Attitudes Towards School-Based Sex and Relationships Education in
- Tanzania. Health Education Journal, 73(6): 642–656.
- Moreau, M. P. & C. Kerner. 2013. Care in Academia: An Exploration of Student Parents’ Experiences.
- British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(2): 215–253.
- Ngumuo, S. 2019. Experiences of Pregnant Female Students at the University of Dar es Salaam,
- Tanzania, Master’s thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Silberchmids, M. & V. Rasch. 2001. Adolescent Girls’ Illegal Abortion and Sugar Daddies in Dar es
- Salaam Vulnerable Victims and Active Agents. Social Science & Medicine Journal, 52(12): 1815–1826.
- Smith-Battle, L. I. 2013. Reducing the Stigmatization of Teen Mothers MCN: The American Journal of
- Maternal/Child Nursing, 38(4): 235–241.
- Somba, M. J., M. Mbonile, J. Obure & M. J. Mahande. 2014. Sexual Behaviour, Contraceptive
- Knowledge and Use Among Female Undergraduates’ Students of Muhimbili and Dar es Salaam
- Universities, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Women’s Health, 14: 94.
- Springer, K. W., B. K. Parker & C. Leviten-Reid. 2009. Making Space for Graduate Student Parents:
- Practice and Politics. Journal of Family Issues, 30(40): 435–457.
- Student-Mothers’ Experiences in Tanzanian Higher Education Institutions
- JEHS, Volume 10 Number 2, 2021 97
- Tolman, D.L., J. L. Kim, D. Schooler & C.L. Sorsoli. 2007. Rethinking the Associations Between
- Television Viewing and Adolescent Sexuality Development: Bringing Gender Into Focus. Journal
- of Adolescent Health, 40(1): 9–16.
- Twenge, J.M. 2002. Age, Race, Socio-Economic Status and the Birth Cohort Differences on Children’s
- Depression Inventory: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 3(4): 488–578.
- UNESCO. 2012. Sexuality Education: A Ten-Country Review of School Curricula in East and Southern Africa.
- Paris: UNESCO.
- Runhare, T. & S. Vandeyar. 2012. Perceptions of Policy Duty Bearers on the Inclusive Education
- Policy for Pregnant Teenagers in South Africa. Social Science Journal, 31(1): 51–62.
- Yin, K. R. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (5thed.). Thousand Oaks-CA: SAGE.
- Zahra B.M., O. K. Maryam, E. Maryam & S. Mahvash. 2017. Motherhood Challenges and Well-Being
- Along With the Studentship Role Among Iranian Women: A Qualitative Study, International
- Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 12(1): 1–12
References
Bradley, H., C. Stephanie & J. Ventura. 2012. Birth Rates in the US Teenagers Reach Lows for All Ages
and Ethnic Groups. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. London:
Sage Publication.
Breheny, M. & C. Stephens. 2007. Irreconcilable Differences: Health Professionals’ Constructions of
Adolescence and Motherhood. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1): 112–124.
Brown, L. & P. Watson. 2010. Understanding the Experiences of Female Doctoral Students. Journal
of Further and Higher Education, 34(3): 385–404.
Bryman, A. 2016. Social Research Methods (5th Ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
Coetzee, M.H. & R.N. Ngunyulu. 2015. Assessing the Use of Contraceptives by Female
Undergraduate Students in a Selected Higher Educational Institution in Gauteng. Curationis,
(2): 1–7.
Cohen, L., L. Manion & K. Marrison. 2011. Research Methods in Education. New York, NY Routledge.
Crouch, M. & H. Mckenzie. 2006. The Logic of Small Samples in Interview Based Qualitative
Research. Social Science Information, 45(4): 483–499.
Denscombe, M. 2014. Good Research Guide: for Small-Scale Social Research Projects. 5th Ed.
Maindenhead: Open University Press.
Egenti, M. N. & F. E. O. Omoruyi. 2011. Challenges of Women Participation in Continuing Higher
Education Programme: Implications for Adult Women Counselling and Education. Edo Journal of
Counselling, 4: 131–143.
Esia-Donkoh, K. 2014. Child-Rearing Practices Among Student- Mothers. Society, Biology & Human
Affairs, 78(2): 20–38.
Finer, L B. & M.R. Zolna. 2014. Shifts in Intended and Unintended Pregnancies in the United States,
(2001–2008). American Journal of Public Health, 104(1): S43–S48.
Funiba, M. 2011. An Exploratory Study of Experiences of Parenting Among Female Students at the
University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Master’s thesis, University of the Western Cape,
South Africa.
Hennink, M., I. Hutter & A. Bailey. 2011. Qualitative Research Methods. London: Sage Publication.
Karimi, E, W. 2015. Challenges Experienced By Young-Mother Learners Upon Re-Entry to Formal Primary
School. A Case in One of the Divisions of Coastal Region, Kenya. (Master’s Thesis), University of Oslo,
Sweden.
Lyonette, C., G. Atfield. H. Behle & L. Gambin. 2015. Tracking Student Mothers’ Higher Education
Participation and Early Career Outcomes Over Time: Initial Choices and Aspirations, Higher Education
Experiences and Career Destinations. Institute for Employment Research University of Warwick,
England.
Maluli. F. & T. Bali. 2014. Exploring Experiences of Pregnant and Mothering Secondary School
Students in Tanzania. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences Journal, 4(1): 80-89.
Mamhute, R. 2011. The Educational Challenges of Pregnant and Nursing Adult Learners: A Case
Study of Morgenster Teachers’ College. Masters’ thesis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch,
South Africa.
Mason, M. 2010. Sample Size and Saturation in PhD Studies Using Qualitative Interviews (63
Paragraph). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. doi: https://doi.
org/10.17169/fqs-11.3.1428 .
Marandet, E. & W. Wainwright. 2010. Invisible Experiences: Understanding the Choices and Needs of
University Students With Dependent Children. British Educational Research Journal, 36(5): 787–805.
Mkumbo, K. 2014. Students’ Attitudes Towards School-Based Sex and Relationships Education in
Tanzania. Health Education Journal, 73(6): 642–656.
Moreau, M. P. & C. Kerner. 2013. Care in Academia: An Exploration of Student Parents’ Experiences.
British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36(2): 215–253.
Ngumuo, S. 2019. Experiences of Pregnant Female Students at the University of Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania, Master’s thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Silberchmids, M. & V. Rasch. 2001. Adolescent Girls’ Illegal Abortion and Sugar Daddies in Dar es
Salaam Vulnerable Victims and Active Agents. Social Science & Medicine Journal, 52(12): 1815–1826.
Smith-Battle, L. I. 2013. Reducing the Stigmatization of Teen Mothers MCN: The American Journal of
Maternal/Child Nursing, 38(4): 235–241.
Somba, M. J., M. Mbonile, J. Obure & M. J. Mahande. 2014. Sexual Behaviour, Contraceptive
Knowledge and Use Among Female Undergraduates’ Students of Muhimbili and Dar es Salaam
Universities, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Women’s Health, 14: 94.
Springer, K. W., B. K. Parker & C. Leviten-Reid. 2009. Making Space for Graduate Student Parents:
Practice and Politics. Journal of Family Issues, 30(40): 435–457.
Student-Mothers’ Experiences in Tanzanian Higher Education Institutions
JEHS, Volume 10 Number 2, 2021 97
Tolman, D.L., J. L. Kim, D. Schooler & C.L. Sorsoli. 2007. Rethinking the Associations Between
Television Viewing and Adolescent Sexuality Development: Bringing Gender Into Focus. Journal
of Adolescent Health, 40(1): 9–16.
Twenge, J.M. 2002. Age, Race, Socio-Economic Status and the Birth Cohort Differences on Children’s
Depression Inventory: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 3(4): 488–578.
UNESCO. 2012. Sexuality Education: A Ten-Country Review of School Curricula in East and Southern Africa.
Paris: UNESCO.
Runhare, T. & S. Vandeyar. 2012. Perceptions of Policy Duty Bearers on the Inclusive Education
Policy for Pregnant Teenagers in South Africa. Social Science Journal, 31(1): 51–62.
Yin, K. R. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (5thed.). Thousand Oaks-CA: SAGE.
Zahra B.M., O. K. Maryam, E. Maryam & S. Mahvash. 2017. Motherhood Challenges and Well-Being
Along With the Studentship Role Among Iranian Women: A Qualitative Study, International
Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 12(1): 1–12