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Antibacterial and Anti-HIV-1 GP120 Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 10 No. 5 (2021)
Abstract
Medicinal plants play an important role in traditional medicine and drug development research because of their numerous bioactivities. However, some concerns have risen on the inefficiencies of such products due to improper use of medicinal plant products, notably when mixed with other traditional remedies. This study evaluates the antibacterial and anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 glycoprotein 120/CD4 (anti-HIV-1 GP120/CD4) activities of medicinal plants species Sapium ellipticum, Pseudospondias microcarpa, and Capparis erythrocarpos; and their respective combinations effects. Results revealed that aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of S. ellipticum and P. microcarpa had antimicrobial activities against S. aureus (ATCC 25923), E. coli (ATCC 25922), and K. pneumoniae (ATCC 25922); with MIC ranging from 0.31 to 100 mg mL-1. No antibacterial activity was observed for both aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of C. erythrocarpos. An evaluation of the possible interaction with antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethyl acetate crude extracts of S. ellipticum and P. microcarpa revealed no synergic nor antagonistic interaction among them. Furthermore, the study revealed that extracts from all the three plant species and their respective combinations had potential anti-HIV-1 by inhibition on HIV-1 GP120 interactions with CD4 receptors. The evaluation of the inhibition of the extracts combinations against HIV-1 GP120 interaction to CD4 receptors revealed no significant synergic or antagonistic interactions statistically. The results from this study provide scientific information towards appropriate utilization of the plant species in traditional medicine and drug discovery.
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- Acharya, P., S. Lusvarghi, C. A. Bewley & P. D. Kwong. 2015. HIV-1 Gp120 as a Therapeutic Target: Navigating a Moving Labyrinth. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 19(6): 765–783. https: //doi.org/10.1517/14728222.2015.1010513. Ankit Saini, B. S., S. Ashis Suttee, S. T. Verma & L. Kumar Garg. 2018. A Review on Phytoconstituents: The Potent Synergistic Approach in Antimicrobial Formulations. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 12: 151–159. Che, C., Z. J. Wang, M. Sing, S. Chow, C. Wai & K. Lam. 2013. Herb-Herb Combination for Therapeutic Enhancement and Advancement: Theory, Practice and Future Perspectives. 5125–5141. https: //doi.org/10.3390/molecules18055125. Chougnet, C. & S. Gessani. 2006. Role of Gp120 in Dendritic Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 80(5): 994–1000. https: //doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0306135. Dalakas, M. C. 2001. Peripheral Neuropathy and Antiretroviral Drugs. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, 6(1): 14–20. https: //doi.org/10.1046/j.1529–8027.2001.006001014.x. Ekor, M. 2014. The Growing Use of Herbal Medicines: Issues Relating to Adverse Reactions and Challenges in Monitoring Safety. Frontiers in Neurology, 4 JAN (January): 1–10. https: // doi.org/ 10.3389/fphar.2013.00177. Jassim, S. A. A. & M. A. Naji. 2003. Novel Antiviral Agents: A Medicinal Plant Perspective. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(3): 412–427. https: //doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2672.2003.02026.x. Kaur, J., S. Kaur & A. Mahajan. 2013. Herbal Medicines: Possible Risks and Benefits. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 141104: 226–239. http: //ajpct.org/pa-400145– %5b12%5d.pdf. Kumar, S. & K. Samaras. 2018. The Impact of Weight Gain During HIV Treatment on Risk of PreDiabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease & Mortality. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9: 705. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00705. Kurapati, K. R. V., V. S. Atluri, T. Samikkannu & G. Garcia. 2016. Natural Products as Anti-HIV Agents and Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders ( HAND ): A Brief Overview. 6(January): 1–14. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01444. Li, B. Q., T. Fu, Y. Dongyan, J. A. Mikovits, F. W. Ruscetti & J. M. Wang. 2000. Flavonoid Baicalin Inhibits HIV-1 Infection at the Level of Viral Entry. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 276(2): 534–538. Magadula, J. J. & S. Tewtrakul. 2010. Anti-HIV-1 Protease Activities of Crude Extracts of Some Garcinia Species Growing in Tanzania. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(12): 1848–1852. Marsden, M. D. & J. A. Zack. 2009. Eradication of HIV: Current Challenges and New Directions. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(1): 7–10. https: //doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn455. Masalu, R. J., S. Ngassa, G. A. Kinunda & C. B. Mpinda. 2020. Antibacterial and Anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants and Their Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Tanzania Journal of Science, 46(3): 597–612. Mcmahon, J. B., M. J. Currens, R. J. Gulakowski, R. W. Buckheit, C. Lackman-Smith, Y. F. Hallock & M. R. Boyd. 1995. Michellamine B, a Novel Plant Alkaloid, Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Cell Killing by at Least Two Distinct Mechanisms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 39(2): 484–488. Merk, A. & S. Subramaniam. 2013. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Structure. Current Opinion in Structural Biology. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2013.03.007. Min, B.S., H.K. Lee, S.M. Lee, Y.H. Kim, K.H. Bae, T. Otake, N. Nakamura & M. Hattori. 2002. AntiHuman Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Activity of Constituents from Juglans Mandshurica. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 25(4): 441–445.Mpinda, C. B., D. Meyer, S. L. Lyantagaye, U., Road & S. Africa. 2018. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Some Plant Species Used in the Management of Hiv / Aids in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 44(1): 179–190. Nakagawa, F., M. May & A. Phillips,2013. Life Expectancy Living with HIV: Recent Estimates and Future Implications. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 26(1): 17–25. https: //doi.org/ 10.1097/ qco.0b013e32835ba6b1. Niggemann, B. & C. Grüber. 2003. Side-Effects of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 58(8): 707–716. https: //doi.org/ 10.1034/ j.1398–9995.2003.00219.x. Okoth, D. A., H. Y. Chenia & N.A. Koorbanally. 2013. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Flavanoids from Lannea Alata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Phytochem. Lett. 6(3): 476–481. Shehu, M. W., N. Abdulkadir, I. Bello, A. Shehu & S. A. Waziri. 2018. Antibacteria Activity of Medicinal Plants Used in Management of HIV/Aids Opportunistic Infections in Njeru Sub County, Buikwe District. Mod. Clin. Med. Res. 2(3): 19–25. Silva, D. M., P. A. Costa, A. O. B. Ribon, G. A. Purgato, D.-M. Gaspar & M. A. N. Diaz. 2019. Plant Extracts Display Synergism with Different Classes of Antibiotics. Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, 91(2). https: //doi.org/10.1590/0001–3765201920180117. Trivedi, J., A. Tripathi, D. Chattopadhyay & D. Mitra. 2018. Plant-Derived Molecules in Managing HIV Infection. In New Look to Phytomedicine: Advancements in Herbal Products as Novel Drug Leads. Elsevier Inc. https: //doi.org/10.1016/b978–0–12–814619–4.00011–2. Vu, T. T., H. Kim, V. K. Tran, H. D. Vu, T. X. Hoang, W. Han, ... & J. Kim. 2017. Antibacterial Activity of Tannins Isolated from Sapium Baccatum Extract and Use for Control of Tomato Bacterial Wilt. PLOS ONE, 1–12. Yadav, P., V. Yadav, V. Yadav, A. Yadav, V. Singh & T. Pandiaraj. 2020. Traditional Values of Medicinal Plants, Herbs and Their Curable Benefits. ~ 2104 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(1): 2104–2106. www.phytojournal.com. Zhang, H. J., E. Rumschlag-Booms, Y. F. Guan, D. Y. Wang, K. L. Liu, W. F. Li, … & L. Rong. 2017. Potent Inhibitor of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains Identified from the Medicinal Plant Justicia Gendarussa. Journal of Natural Products, 80(6). https: //doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00004. Zhou, X., S. W. Seto, D. Chang, H. Kiat, V. Razmovski-Naumovski, K. Chan & A. Bensoussan. 2016. Synergistic Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Methodology and Current Research. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7(JUL): 1–16. https: //doi.org/ 10.3389/ fphar. 2016.00201. Zicari, S., L. Sessa, N. Cotugno, A. Ruggiero, E. Morrocchi, C. Concato, … & P. Palma. 2019. Immune Activation, Inflammation & Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients Under Long-Term ART. Viruses, 11(3). https: //doi.org/ 10.3390/ v11030200.
References
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Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, 6(1): 14–20. https: //doi.org/10.1046/j.1529–8027.2001.006001014.x. Ekor, M. 2014. The Growing Use of Herbal Medicines: Issues Relating to Adverse Reactions and Challenges in Monitoring Safety. Frontiers in Neurology, 4 JAN (January): 1–10. https: // doi.org/ 10.3389/fphar.2013.00177. Jassim, S. A. A. & M. A. Naji. 2003. Novel Antiviral Agents: A Medicinal Plant Perspective. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(3): 412–427. https: //doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2672.2003.02026.x. Kaur, J., S. Kaur & A. Mahajan. 2013. Herbal Medicines: Possible Risks and Benefits. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 141104: 226–239. http: //ajpct.org/pa-400145– %5b12%5d.pdf. Kumar, S. & K. Samaras. 2018. The Impact of Weight Gain During HIV Treatment on Risk of PreDiabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease & Mortality. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9: 705. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00705. Kurapati, K. R. V., V. S. Atluri, T. Samikkannu & G. Garcia. 2016. Natural Products as Anti-HIV Agents and Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders ( HAND ): A Brief Overview. 6(January): 1–14. https: //doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01444. Li, B. Q., T. Fu, Y. Dongyan, J. A. Mikovits, F. W. Ruscetti & J. M. Wang. 2000. Flavonoid Baicalin Inhibits HIV-1 Infection at the Level of Viral Entry. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 276(2): 534–538. Magadula, J. J. & S. Tewtrakul. 2010. Anti-HIV-1 Protease Activities of Crude Extracts of Some Garcinia Species Growing in Tanzania. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(12): 1848–1852. Marsden, M. D. & J. A. Zack. 2009. Eradication of HIV: Current Challenges and New Directions. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(1): 7–10. https: //doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn455. Masalu, R. J., S. Ngassa, G. A. Kinunda & C. B. Mpinda. 2020. Antibacterial and Anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants and Their Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Tanzania Journal of Science, 46(3): 597–612. Mcmahon, J. B., M. J. Currens, R. J. Gulakowski, R. W. Buckheit, C. Lackman-Smith, Y. F. Hallock & M. R. Boyd. 1995. Michellamine B, a Novel Plant Alkaloid, Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Cell Killing by at Least Two Distinct Mechanisms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 39(2): 484–488. Merk, A. & S. Subramaniam. 2013. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Structure. Current Opinion in Structural Biology. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2013.03.007. Min, B.S., H.K. Lee, S.M. Lee, Y.H. Kim, K.H. Bae, T. Otake, N. Nakamura & M. Hattori. 2002. AntiHuman Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Activity of Constituents from Juglans Mandshurica. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 25(4): 441–445.Mpinda, C. B., D. Meyer, S. L. Lyantagaye, U., Road & S. Africa. 2018. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Some Plant Species Used in the Management of Hiv / Aids in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 44(1): 179–190. Nakagawa, F., M. May & A. Phillips,2013. Life Expectancy Living with HIV: Recent Estimates and Future Implications. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 26(1): 17–25. https: //doi.org/ 10.1097/ qco.0b013e32835ba6b1. Niggemann, B. & C. Grüber. 2003. Side-Effects of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 58(8): 707–716. https: //doi.org/ 10.1034/ j.1398–9995.2003.00219.x. Okoth, D. A., H. Y. Chenia & N.A. Koorbanally. 2013. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Flavanoids from Lannea Alata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). Phytochem. Lett. 6(3): 476–481. Shehu, M. W., N. Abdulkadir, I. Bello, A. Shehu & S. A. Waziri. 2018. Antibacteria Activity of Medicinal Plants Used in Management of HIV/Aids Opportunistic Infections in Njeru Sub County, Buikwe District. Mod. Clin. Med. Res. 2(3): 19–25. Silva, D. M., P. A. Costa, A. O. B. Ribon, G. A. Purgato, D.-M. Gaspar & M. A. N. Diaz. 2019. Plant Extracts Display Synergism with Different Classes of Antibiotics. Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, 91(2). https: //doi.org/10.1590/0001–3765201920180117. Trivedi, J., A. Tripathi, D. Chattopadhyay & D. Mitra. 2018. Plant-Derived Molecules in Managing HIV Infection. In New Look to Phytomedicine: Advancements in Herbal Products as Novel Drug Leads. Elsevier Inc. https: //doi.org/10.1016/b978–0–12–814619–4.00011–2. Vu, T. T., H. Kim, V. K. Tran, H. D. Vu, T. X. Hoang, W. Han, ... & J. Kim. 2017. Antibacterial Activity of Tannins Isolated from Sapium Baccatum Extract and Use for Control of Tomato Bacterial Wilt. PLOS ONE, 1–12. Yadav, P., V. Yadav, V. Yadav, A. Yadav, V. Singh & T. Pandiaraj. 2020. Traditional Values of Medicinal Plants, Herbs and Their Curable Benefits. ~ 2104 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(1): 2104–2106. www.phytojournal.com. Zhang, H. J., E. Rumschlag-Booms, Y. F. Guan, D. Y. Wang, K. L. Liu, W. F. Li, … & L. Rong. 2017. Potent Inhibitor of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains Identified from the Medicinal Plant Justicia Gendarussa. Journal of Natural Products, 80(6). https: //doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00004. Zhou, X., S. W. Seto, D. Chang, H. Kiat, V. Razmovski-Naumovski, K. Chan & A. Bensoussan. 2016. Synergistic Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Methodology and Current Research. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7(JUL): 1–16. https: //doi.org/ 10.3389/ fphar. 2016.00201. Zicari, S., L. Sessa, N. Cotugno, A. Ruggiero, E. Morrocchi, C. Concato, … & P. Palma. 2019. Immune Activation, Inflammation & Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients Under Long-Term ART. Viruses, 11(3). https: //doi.org/ 10.3390/ v11030200.